Pelabuhan Ratu is a lovely holiday resort, visited by holidaymakers from Jakarta and Bandung. The site is only three-hour drive from either city through cool mountain villages with picturesque sceneries. Pelabuhan Ratu - Cisolok is a 15 km stretch of breathtaking beauty with hills, mountains and very wide sandy beaches everywhere around, set against the deep blue Indian Ocean. Right next to stretches of white beaches, visitors will find thick tropical forests on rolling hills. Taking walks uphill enables the visitor to look down on the horseshoe shape of the bay's coastline, whereas at night hundreds of fishermen's boat-lamps are seemingly competing with the star-studded sky above, which is both enchanting and romantic. There is one four-star hotel, Samudera Beach, about 6 km from Pelabuhan Ratu, but several other smaller hotel and cottages are available at moderate rates.
At this virgin stage, this area represents unspoiled beauty in a typically tropical setting with hospitable inhabitants. Because of its proximity to Jakarta, more tourists visit this area from the capital than those from Bandung. Moreover, the highways to and from Pelabuhan Ratu have recently been greatly improved to assure the visitor of a smooth ride to enjoy the sceneries that pass even well. Good for taste, swimming, sun bathing and surfing.
Sumber : http://www.indonesia-tourism.com/west-java/pelabuhan-ratu-beach.html
Opinion :
Pelabuhan ratu became one of the most gorgeous beaches I have visited there. In the afternoon many people are playing around the beach. All seemed relaxed. There also are pictures taken at the sight of the sea. Many small children who play football. Boats - fishing boats lined the beach even though a bit messy. On the morning of people already roll - came kepantai crowded. Waves big enough in the morning. The atmosphere is cool morning makes the heart feel at peace. Fresh air is heard only the sound and the faint sound of waves - faint laughter happy children - small children who play around the beach water. The trip to the beach full queen warren ports makes the trip more interesting.
Rabu, 02 Juni 2010
Public transport
In more modern times, many new public vehicle to replace the traditional mode of transportation such as rickshaw, cart, boat and so forth. Government vehicles are a lot of discipline with the reason for the traffic order. Modern vehicles are less effective because it was seen - average not well maintained, for example buses - buses that are old are still in use, the smoke was pitch black out caused considerable air pollution can make people - people are not comfortable around. Not infrequently sometimes even riding the bus the bus driver with a sow - oats.
Busway presence initially be an alternative government to create a comfortable public transport for the community. Maybe at first was comfortable but gradually felt less comfortable vehicle. Karana is less well maintained. Not infrequently the crowded queues seen at bus stops, bus arrival time by reason of any unused units only slightly.
Public transport is a problem among their own traffic chaos. Although many traffic regulations. But not all road users obey the rules properly.
Busway presence initially be an alternative government to create a comfortable public transport for the community. Maybe at first was comfortable but gradually felt less comfortable vehicle. Karana is less well maintained. Not infrequently the crowded queues seen at bus stops, bus arrival time by reason of any unused units only slightly.
Public transport is a problem among their own traffic chaos. Although many traffic regulations. But not all road users obey the rules properly.
Achieved Profit with Social Entrepreneurship
BANDUNG, KOMPAS.com - Not many businesses run by entrepreneurs have a social orientation and community development. Businesses are more likely to increase financial gain rather than have to worry about developing a community or society.
But the condition is not absolute. There are parties that conduct entrepreneurial social or social entrepreneurship. This activity is a business which is the main orientation of community development and community. Of course, without prejudice to the financial benefits that could be obtained.
"Indonesia has a lot of players entrepreneurial society. It's just that they do not have adequate access, so not many people know," says Programme Manager British Council, Dawn Grace at a press conference Community Entrepreneurs Challenge at the Hotel Aston, Bandung, Thursday (25 / 3 / 2010).
According to him, the action of the entrepreneurs socially thus can develop a society with a more optimal, and no possibility to be able to provide revenue for the state. "Unfortunately there are many parties who are not aware they're doing entrepreneurial social, so it does not grow optimally," said Dawn.
He also added that the profits from entrepreneurship socially not be seen from the financial benefits, but also from cultural preservation, environmental conservation, and once again empower the community itself.
Sumber : http://www.kompas.com
But the condition is not absolute. There are parties that conduct entrepreneurial social or social entrepreneurship. This activity is a business which is the main orientation of community development and community. Of course, without prejudice to the financial benefits that could be obtained.
"Indonesia has a lot of players entrepreneurial society. It's just that they do not have adequate access, so not many people know," says Programme Manager British Council, Dawn Grace at a press conference Community Entrepreneurs Challenge at the Hotel Aston, Bandung, Thursday (25 / 3 / 2010).
According to him, the action of the entrepreneurs socially thus can develop a society with a more optimal, and no possibility to be able to provide revenue for the state. "Unfortunately there are many parties who are not aware they're doing entrepreneurial social, so it does not grow optimally," said Dawn.
He also added that the profits from entrepreneurship socially not be seen from the financial benefits, but also from cultural preservation, environmental conservation, and once again empower the community itself.
Sumber : http://www.kompas.com
Kiat Sukses Bob Sadino bagi Kaum Muda
BOGOR, KOMPAS.com — Pengusaha sukses bidang pertanian Bob Sadino mengajak generasi muda untuk tidak takut mencoba sesuatu hal yang baru. "Ingin sukses, jangan takut mencoba," kata Bob di hadapan puluhan peserta acara Launching Program CSR "Go Entrepreneur" oleh Perum Pegadaian, Sabtu (27/3/2010) di Mall Botani Square.
Menurut Bob, kunci sukses adalah tidak mudah menyerah dan jangan takut untuk gagal. "Dengan kegagalan, kita bisa belajar bagaimana ke depan lebih baik lagi. Jadi, jangan pernah takut untuk gagal," kata entrepreneur sukses asli Indonesia ini.
Di hadapan ratusan pengunjung Mall Botani Square, Bob yang tampil dengan gaya khas baju kemeja putih kotak-kotak dipadu celana jins pendek menyampaikan beberapa pengalamannya tentang memulai sebuah usaha tanpa harus menggunakan modal besar. "Yang penting ada kemauan dan berani menerima kegagalan. Semua usaha jenis apa pun akan tetap jalan. Usaha yang paling bertahan lama ada agropreneur," kata Bob.
Ia berpendapat selama langit masih membentang, selama itu pula usaha perkebunan akan terus berjalan. Namun, lanjut Bob, tinggal sumber daya manusia (SDM) yang mengelolanya.
"Sumber daya alam terbentang luas. kita bersyukur Indonesia alamnya subur dan kaya, tapi SDM Indonesia yang kurang mampu memanfaatkannya," kata bapak dua orang putri ini.
Bob mengatakan, peluang bisnis pertanian cukup besar, tidak hanya pasar internasional saja, tetapi pasar dalam negeri Indonesia juga sangat menjanjikan untuk perkembangan bisnis pertanian tersebut. Bob mengatakan, semakin banyaknya minat generasi muda untuk berwirausaha dapat meningkatkan jumlah usahawan Indonesia yang saat ini hanya 1,8 persen dari total penduduk Indonesia.
Acara bincang-bincang selama satu jam lebih tersebut berlangsung cukup menarik. Sejumlah mahasiswa yang hadir dalam acara launching program CSR "Go Entrepreneur" oleh Perum Pegadaian sangat antusias bertanya kepada Bob. Dipandu oleh MC Shanaz Haque, suasana acara kian bermakna. Hal itu semakin semarak dengan jawaban nyeleneh Bob yang membuat gelak tawa peserta.
Bob merupakan tokoh entrepreneurship Indonesia yang mampu meretas batas kewajaran bahwa bisnis harus dijalankan dengan kegigihan dan kerja keras. Menurut Bob, usaha dijalankan dengan kesenangan bukan karena keterpaksaan. Tidak harus cerdas dan bekerja keras untuk menjadi pengusaha sukses. Menurutnya, seorang pengusaha harus bisa melihat peluang dan berani mengambil risiko.
Semua telah dibuktikan oleh Bob, entrepreneur sukses yang memulai usahanya benar-benar dari bawah dan bukan berasal dari keluarga wirausaha. Pendiri dan pemilik tunggal Kem Chicks (supermarket) ini pernah menjadi sopir taksi dan karyawan Unilever yang kemudian menjadi pengusaha sukses.
Sumber : http://www.kompas.com
Menurut Bob, kunci sukses adalah tidak mudah menyerah dan jangan takut untuk gagal. "Dengan kegagalan, kita bisa belajar bagaimana ke depan lebih baik lagi. Jadi, jangan pernah takut untuk gagal," kata entrepreneur sukses asli Indonesia ini.
Di hadapan ratusan pengunjung Mall Botani Square, Bob yang tampil dengan gaya khas baju kemeja putih kotak-kotak dipadu celana jins pendek menyampaikan beberapa pengalamannya tentang memulai sebuah usaha tanpa harus menggunakan modal besar. "Yang penting ada kemauan dan berani menerima kegagalan. Semua usaha jenis apa pun akan tetap jalan. Usaha yang paling bertahan lama ada agropreneur," kata Bob.
Ia berpendapat selama langit masih membentang, selama itu pula usaha perkebunan akan terus berjalan. Namun, lanjut Bob, tinggal sumber daya manusia (SDM) yang mengelolanya.
"Sumber daya alam terbentang luas. kita bersyukur Indonesia alamnya subur dan kaya, tapi SDM Indonesia yang kurang mampu memanfaatkannya," kata bapak dua orang putri ini.
Bob mengatakan, peluang bisnis pertanian cukup besar, tidak hanya pasar internasional saja, tetapi pasar dalam negeri Indonesia juga sangat menjanjikan untuk perkembangan bisnis pertanian tersebut. Bob mengatakan, semakin banyaknya minat generasi muda untuk berwirausaha dapat meningkatkan jumlah usahawan Indonesia yang saat ini hanya 1,8 persen dari total penduduk Indonesia.
Acara bincang-bincang selama satu jam lebih tersebut berlangsung cukup menarik. Sejumlah mahasiswa yang hadir dalam acara launching program CSR "Go Entrepreneur" oleh Perum Pegadaian sangat antusias bertanya kepada Bob. Dipandu oleh MC Shanaz Haque, suasana acara kian bermakna. Hal itu semakin semarak dengan jawaban nyeleneh Bob yang membuat gelak tawa peserta.
Bob merupakan tokoh entrepreneurship Indonesia yang mampu meretas batas kewajaran bahwa bisnis harus dijalankan dengan kegigihan dan kerja keras. Menurut Bob, usaha dijalankan dengan kesenangan bukan karena keterpaksaan. Tidak harus cerdas dan bekerja keras untuk menjadi pengusaha sukses. Menurutnya, seorang pengusaha harus bisa melihat peluang dan berani mengambil risiko.
Semua telah dibuktikan oleh Bob, entrepreneur sukses yang memulai usahanya benar-benar dari bawah dan bukan berasal dari keluarga wirausaha. Pendiri dan pemilik tunggal Kem Chicks (supermarket) ini pernah menjadi sopir taksi dan karyawan Unilever yang kemudian menjadi pengusaha sukses.
Sumber : http://www.kompas.com
Find a Long Process "Passion"
To be able to set a career that may be taken, a person must have a passion (passion). However, the process to find a passion that was not an easy matter.
This diiyakan by the Career Coach Rene Suhardono. "I myself could just find my passion after the proceeds for nine years," he said during a press conference the launch of his book, Your Job Is Not Your Career at the Plaza Kuningan, Jakarta, Wednesday (24/3/2010).
He said that, a person who moved around a lot of work, or called a "flea jump", not a problem. "The problem in fact the reason he moved around. If he is looking for his passion, certainly very good. But what a pity when moving around, which sought only a few percent salary increase," he added.
In addition, he also needs the motivation to be able to find passion. "Motivation is not derived from the words of a motivator. Because I believe, who can motivate yourself is not a motivator, but myself," he said.
Through his latest book which was recently launched, Rene Suhardono intends to change the views of people who often equate a career with a job. Not only that, in this book he also explains about the passion, happiness and fulfillment (fulfillment), which is achieved by someone important in his career.
Sumber : http://www.kompas.com
This diiyakan by the Career Coach Rene Suhardono. "I myself could just find my passion after the proceeds for nine years," he said during a press conference the launch of his book, Your Job Is Not Your Career at the Plaza Kuningan, Jakarta, Wednesday (24/3/2010).
He said that, a person who moved around a lot of work, or called a "flea jump", not a problem. "The problem in fact the reason he moved around. If he is looking for his passion, certainly very good. But what a pity when moving around, which sought only a few percent salary increase," he added.
In addition, he also needs the motivation to be able to find passion. "Motivation is not derived from the words of a motivator. Because I believe, who can motivate yourself is not a motivator, but myself," he said.
Through his latest book which was recently launched, Rene Suhardono intends to change the views of people who often equate a career with a job. Not only that, in this book he also explains about the passion, happiness and fulfillment (fulfillment), which is achieved by someone important in his career.
Sumber : http://www.kompas.com
Do Multivitamin Pills Raise The Risk of Breast Cancer?
Women who take a daily multivitamin pill to ward off illness may actually be increasing their risk of breast cancer, according to a study. Researchers found middle-aged and older women who regularly took supplements were almost 20 per cent more likely to develop a tumour.
They stressed the findings did not prove vitamin pills were to blame for an increase in cancer cases, as it is possible women may be compensating for an unhealthy lifestyle that puts them at increased risk.
However, the experts warned the results were worrying and called for in-depth studies to determine whether or not multivitamins are safe. They believe supplements may trigger tumour growth by increasing the density of breast tissue, a known risk factor for cancer.
Studies suggest taking supplements containing vitamins and minerals may increase breast tissue by more than 5 per cent. It is also possible folic acid found in multivitamin pills could be a factor, as studies suggest high doses may promote tumour growth.
Experts from the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden, tracked more than 35,000 women aged between 49 and 83 over a ten-year period. They found those who regularly took multivitamins were 19 per cent more likely to have developed a breast tumour.
Even when researchers took account of whether the women smoked, took much exercise, or had a family history of the disease - all strong risk factors - they still found a significant link with multivitamin use.
They told the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition: 'These results suggest multivitamin use is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. This is of concern and merits further investigation.'
Researchers stressed that, on an individual basis, the risks to women remain small and the vast majority of vitamin users will not develop cancer. In the study, women did not say what brands of vitamins they took - they simply reported whether or not they took them.
The study could also be flawed as it relies on women to recall whether they took the pills in the past. Studies that ask people to describe past behaviour are vulnerable to a well-known statistical phenomenon called recall bias.
It is estimated nearly a quarter of all UK adults take antioxidant supplements or multivitamins on a regular basis. The market for supplements is worth £500million a year. But in 2007 a study of nearly 300,000 men found those taking supplements more than once a day were 32 per cent more likely to develop an aggressive form of prostate cancer.
And a 2008 Copenhagen University investigation found high doses of vitamin A, vitamin E and beta-carotene appeared to increase the chances of an early death.
Every year around 40,000 women in Britain are diagnosed with breast cancer, the equivalent of more than 100 a day. A woman has a one in nine chance of developing the disease at some point in her life.
Kat Arney, Cancer Research UK's science information manager, said last night: 'Like several other recent studies, this research adds to the evidence that multivitamins may not actually be beneficial for your health.
'Most can get all the nutrients they need from a healthy balanced diet, rich in fruit and vegetables.'
Dr Gilbert Ross, medical director for the American Council on Science and Health, said: 'If you really want to take multivitamins, this study is no reason to stop. Of course, on the other hand, I would advise anyone concerned that there is no good health or medical reason to take multivitamin supplements, except in rare cases of malnutrition.'
The Health Supplements Information Service, funded by supplements manufacturers, said: 'This does not provide any proof that multivitamins are linked to breast cancer.
'Given the low intakes of micronutrients in women across the UK and the continuing lack of improvement in our national dietary patterns, a multivitamin can make an important contribution to the vitamin and mineral intake in this population group.'
Sumber : http://www.kompas.com
They stressed the findings did not prove vitamin pills were to blame for an increase in cancer cases, as it is possible women may be compensating for an unhealthy lifestyle that puts them at increased risk.
However, the experts warned the results were worrying and called for in-depth studies to determine whether or not multivitamins are safe. They believe supplements may trigger tumour growth by increasing the density of breast tissue, a known risk factor for cancer.
Studies suggest taking supplements containing vitamins and minerals may increase breast tissue by more than 5 per cent. It is also possible folic acid found in multivitamin pills could be a factor, as studies suggest high doses may promote tumour growth.
Experts from the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden, tracked more than 35,000 women aged between 49 and 83 over a ten-year period. They found those who regularly took multivitamins were 19 per cent more likely to have developed a breast tumour.
Even when researchers took account of whether the women smoked, took much exercise, or had a family history of the disease - all strong risk factors - they still found a significant link with multivitamin use.
They told the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition: 'These results suggest multivitamin use is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. This is of concern and merits further investigation.'
Researchers stressed that, on an individual basis, the risks to women remain small and the vast majority of vitamin users will not develop cancer. In the study, women did not say what brands of vitamins they took - they simply reported whether or not they took them.
The study could also be flawed as it relies on women to recall whether they took the pills in the past. Studies that ask people to describe past behaviour are vulnerable to a well-known statistical phenomenon called recall bias.
It is estimated nearly a quarter of all UK adults take antioxidant supplements or multivitamins on a regular basis. The market for supplements is worth £500million a year. But in 2007 a study of nearly 300,000 men found those taking supplements more than once a day were 32 per cent more likely to develop an aggressive form of prostate cancer.
And a 2008 Copenhagen University investigation found high doses of vitamin A, vitamin E and beta-carotene appeared to increase the chances of an early death.
Every year around 40,000 women in Britain are diagnosed with breast cancer, the equivalent of more than 100 a day. A woman has a one in nine chance of developing the disease at some point in her life.
Kat Arney, Cancer Research UK's science information manager, said last night: 'Like several other recent studies, this research adds to the evidence that multivitamins may not actually be beneficial for your health.
'Most can get all the nutrients they need from a healthy balanced diet, rich in fruit and vegetables.'
Dr Gilbert Ross, medical director for the American Council on Science and Health, said: 'If you really want to take multivitamins, this study is no reason to stop. Of course, on the other hand, I would advise anyone concerned that there is no good health or medical reason to take multivitamin supplements, except in rare cases of malnutrition.'
The Health Supplements Information Service, funded by supplements manufacturers, said: 'This does not provide any proof that multivitamins are linked to breast cancer.
'Given the low intakes of micronutrients in women across the UK and the continuing lack of improvement in our national dietary patterns, a multivitamin can make an important contribution to the vitamin and mineral intake in this population group.'
Sumber : http://www.kompas.com
Drinking during Pregnancy 'Could Increase Epilepsy Risk'
The research found that children who suffer from fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) – a condition caused by maternal drinking during pregnancy – were six times more likely to suffer from epilepsy as they grew older.
They were also more likely to suffer at least one seizure at some point in their lives. Previous research has indicated a connection between drinking during pregnancy and rates of alcoholism, drug abuse, depression and even Parkinson's and stroke.
Neuroscientists said the latest study added to growing understanding about the risks posed to unborn babies by mothers' alcohol consumption, but added that it was difficult to establish a causal link between drinking and epilepsy.
Dan Savage, Regents' Professor at the University of New Mexico's Department of Neurosciences said: "This report builds on a growing body of evidence that maternal drinking during pregnancy may put a child at greater risk for an even wider variety of neurologic and behavioural health problems than we had appreciated before
The consensus recommendation of scientists and clinical investigators, along with public health officials around the world, is very clear a woman should abstain from drinking during pregnancy as part of an overall programme of good prenatal care that includes good nutrition, adequate exercise, sufficient rest, and proper prenatal health care."
Researchers examined the histories of 425 individuals from two FASD clinics, looking for a correlation between suspected risk factors including exposure to alcohol and drugs during pregnancy, and occurrences of epilepsy and seizures.
James Reynolds of the Centre for Neuroscience Studies at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, who contributed to the study, said: "While this report supports a growing impression that fetal alcohol exposure may predispose the immature brain to the development of epilepsy, the results do not establish a direct cause-effect relationship between FASD and epilepsy.
Establishing a direct link between these clinical conditions will be a difficult challenge given our incomplete understanding of how ethanol damages the developing brain and what neuropathological changes in brain tissue lead to the development of different types of epilepsy."
Around 456,000 people in Britain have epilepsy. Fits happen when there is a sudden burst of excess electrical activity in the brain, causing a temporary disruption in the normal message passing between brain cells.
Sumber : http://www.kompas.com
They were also more likely to suffer at least one seizure at some point in their lives. Previous research has indicated a connection between drinking during pregnancy and rates of alcoholism, drug abuse, depression and even Parkinson's and stroke.
Neuroscientists said the latest study added to growing understanding about the risks posed to unborn babies by mothers' alcohol consumption, but added that it was difficult to establish a causal link between drinking and epilepsy.
Dan Savage, Regents' Professor at the University of New Mexico's Department of Neurosciences said: "This report builds on a growing body of evidence that maternal drinking during pregnancy may put a child at greater risk for an even wider variety of neurologic and behavioural health problems than we had appreciated before
The consensus recommendation of scientists and clinical investigators, along with public health officials around the world, is very clear a woman should abstain from drinking during pregnancy as part of an overall programme of good prenatal care that includes good nutrition, adequate exercise, sufficient rest, and proper prenatal health care."
Researchers examined the histories of 425 individuals from two FASD clinics, looking for a correlation between suspected risk factors including exposure to alcohol and drugs during pregnancy, and occurrences of epilepsy and seizures.
James Reynolds of the Centre for Neuroscience Studies at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, who contributed to the study, said: "While this report supports a growing impression that fetal alcohol exposure may predispose the immature brain to the development of epilepsy, the results do not establish a direct cause-effect relationship between FASD and epilepsy.
Establishing a direct link between these clinical conditions will be a difficult challenge given our incomplete understanding of how ethanol damages the developing brain and what neuropathological changes in brain tissue lead to the development of different types of epilepsy."
Around 456,000 people in Britain have epilepsy. Fits happen when there is a sudden burst of excess electrical activity in the brain, causing a temporary disruption in the normal message passing between brain cells.
Sumber : http://www.kompas.com
How to Select Test Helmet
There are a lot of helmets being sold in the market, ranging from locally made to imports from developed countries. Well, SNI helmet rule was enforced by the government. In order for the owner of the motor is not one to buy, easy to follow tips from expert staff associations Indonesian Industrial Helmets, Thomas Lim.
First, one should pay attention when buying a helmet is the physical form of the product in accordance with the provisions, ie, full face and half face. Besides these two forms, the helmet has been ascertained not fall into the category of SNI mandatory.
Second, check the physical return the helmet to be purchased, starting from a shell, foam inside, until the straps. Make sure everything is in good condition and no one Rengat or damaged.
Third, do not hesitate suspicious of the price offered by a helmet. Thomas said, to produce one unit of the helmet with ISO standard specifications shall, helmets will be sold a minimum of approximately Rp 65,000 per unit price. "So, if below the price it is very difficult to be possible (to suspect) because the raw materials that can meet the standards that are still imported and are expensive," says Thomas.
Finally, if you like helmet brands import, then make sure that the purchases made after 1 April 2010 for download information must remain with the product. Although the standard of imported products could be higher than SNI, if there is no information, so that incoming products are contraband. Because, SNI shall apply not only to protect users, but also to protect national industries from the advancing helmets imported products.
Sumber : http://www.kompas.com
First, one should pay attention when buying a helmet is the physical form of the product in accordance with the provisions, ie, full face and half face. Besides these two forms, the helmet has been ascertained not fall into the category of SNI mandatory.
Second, check the physical return the helmet to be purchased, starting from a shell, foam inside, until the straps. Make sure everything is in good condition and no one Rengat or damaged.
Third, do not hesitate suspicious of the price offered by a helmet. Thomas said, to produce one unit of the helmet with ISO standard specifications shall, helmets will be sold a minimum of approximately Rp 65,000 per unit price. "So, if below the price it is very difficult to be possible (to suspect) because the raw materials that can meet the standards that are still imported and are expensive," says Thomas.
Finally, if you like helmet brands import, then make sure that the purchases made after 1 April 2010 for download information must remain with the product. Although the standard of imported products could be higher than SNI, if there is no information, so that incoming products are contraband. Because, SNI shall apply not only to protect users, but also to protect national industries from the advancing helmets imported products.
Sumber : http://www.kompas.com
Kamis, 29 April 2010
Example Complaint Letter
PT KURNIA
Jl. Mawar No.99
Jakarta
INDONESIA
18th April 2010
PT SENTOSA
Jl. Kalimantan 123
Bogor
INDONESIA
Dear Sirs,
We regret to have to cormplain about late delivery of the
filing cabinets ordered on 2nd April 2010 We did not receive
them until this morning though you had guaranteed delivery within
a week. It was on this undirstanding that we placed the other.
unfortunately, there have been similar delays on several previous
occasions and their increasing frequency in recent months compels
us to say that business between us cannot be continued in
conditions such as these.
We have felt it is necessary to make our feelings khown
Since we cannot give reliable delivery dates to our customers
unless we count on undertaking given by our suppliers We hope
you will understand how we are placed that from now on we can
rely upon punctual completion of our orders.
Yours faithfully,
Jl. Mawar No.99
Jakarta
INDONESIA
18th April 2010
PT SENTOSA
Jl. Kalimantan 123
Bogor
INDONESIA
Dear Sirs,
We regret to have to cormplain about late delivery of the
filing cabinets ordered on 2nd April 2010 We did not receive
them until this morning though you had guaranteed delivery within
a week. It was on this undirstanding that we placed the other.
unfortunately, there have been similar delays on several previous
occasions and their increasing frequency in recent months compels
us to say that business between us cannot be continued in
conditions such as these.
We have felt it is necessary to make our feelings khown
Since we cannot give reliable delivery dates to our customers
unless we count on undertaking given by our suppliers We hope
you will understand how we are placed that from now on we can
rely upon punctual completion of our orders.
Yours faithfully,
Jumat, 23 April 2010
Import And Export
International trade happens because some countries have a comparative advantage in producing goods rather than taving an absolute advantage; which means it is easier for certain countries to produce goods than others.
The reasons for this cornpafative advantage may be because of climate; natural resources such as coal, wood, or minerals; history and development, or the political situation of the world.
Most countries can produce any product, even artificially, if they are williang to invest sufficient capital. Artificial climates are created in greenhousest o grow tropical plants. The UK became a sugar producer at one period, because war prevented supplies getting through.Narway has been an oil producer since oil prices and political pressures forced them to invest the capital for North Sea production' And Japan, with few natural resources has become a major industrial nation by specialising in developing ist technology. But only Russia and America could be really self-sufficient if they had to be, producing their basic needs without importing; so most countries have to export to pay for the imports they need. In doing this, they are concerned with two main problems, their balanco of trade and balance of payments.
The balance of trade between coutries is the difference between the amount of visible goods they import and export. Visible goods are those you can see and touch, for example manufactures, steel, and food produce. An adverse balance of trade means the country is importing too many visibles and not exporting enough, and many underdeveloped countries find themselves in this position, importing expensive technical equipment, which they need to develop their industries, and exporting basic food produce under terms of trade which are a disadvantage to them. In other words if one hundred tons of rice is the cost of one tractor, many underdeveloped countries find themselves paying two hundred tons of fice for the same tractor, as they have no power to control the terms of trade for their produce. Some developed countries also face this problem. In 1981 America warned Japan that unless she reduced her technical exports to the USA, America would prevent Japanese products from coming into the USA.
The balance of payments is the difference between the products (Visibles) and services (invisibles, such as banking, insurance, and shipping) a country imports and exports, and also includes the money produce all it needs in raw materials and food, its visible balance of trade is always adverse. But it has developed invisible exports over the centuries, in lanking, shipping, and insurance services, and these invisibles help reduce its balance of payments deficit, and sometimes even put it in surplus. Since the late 1970s oil production has helped further to reduced the UK's balance of payments problems which had been increasing since the1950s. In 1974, for example, the UK's balance of payments deficit was so serious that it needed help from the International Monetary Fund. (Taken from Basic Commercial English by A. Ashley).
Daftar Pustaka : Suyudi, Ichwan dan Sri Widiati. 1995. Bahasa Inggris 2. Jakarta : Gunadarma.
The reasons for this cornpafative advantage may be because of climate; natural resources such as coal, wood, or minerals; history and development, or the political situation of the world.
Most countries can produce any product, even artificially, if they are williang to invest sufficient capital. Artificial climates are created in greenhousest o grow tropical plants. The UK became a sugar producer at one period, because war prevented supplies getting through.Narway has been an oil producer since oil prices and political pressures forced them to invest the capital for North Sea production' And Japan, with few natural resources has become a major industrial nation by specialising in developing ist technology. But only Russia and America could be really self-sufficient if they had to be, producing their basic needs without importing; so most countries have to export to pay for the imports they need. In doing this, they are concerned with two main problems, their balanco of trade and balance of payments.
The balance of trade between coutries is the difference between the amount of visible goods they import and export. Visible goods are those you can see and touch, for example manufactures, steel, and food produce. An adverse balance of trade means the country is importing too many visibles and not exporting enough, and many underdeveloped countries find themselves in this position, importing expensive technical equipment, which they need to develop their industries, and exporting basic food produce under terms of trade which are a disadvantage to them. In other words if one hundred tons of rice is the cost of one tractor, many underdeveloped countries find themselves paying two hundred tons of fice for the same tractor, as they have no power to control the terms of trade for their produce. Some developed countries also face this problem. In 1981 America warned Japan that unless she reduced her technical exports to the USA, America would prevent Japanese products from coming into the USA.
The balance of payments is the difference between the products (Visibles) and services (invisibles, such as banking, insurance, and shipping) a country imports and exports, and also includes the money produce all it needs in raw materials and food, its visible balance of trade is always adverse. But it has developed invisible exports over the centuries, in lanking, shipping, and insurance services, and these invisibles help reduce its balance of payments deficit, and sometimes even put it in surplus. Since the late 1970s oil production has helped further to reduced the UK's balance of payments problems which had been increasing since the1950s. In 1974, for example, the UK's balance of payments deficit was so serious that it needed help from the International Monetary Fund. (Taken from Basic Commercial English by A. Ashley).
Daftar Pustaka : Suyudi, Ichwan dan Sri Widiati. 1995. Bahasa Inggris 2. Jakarta : Gunadarma.
Modern Banking
The goldsmith bankers were an early exarnple of financial inter mediarv.
A financial intermediary is an institution that specializes in bringing lenders and borrowers together.
A commeicial bank borrows money from the public, crediting them with a deposit. The deposit is a liability of the bank. It is money owed to depositors. In turn the bank lends money to firms, households, or governments woshing to borrow. Banks are not the only financial intermediaries. Insurance companies, pension funds, and building secieties also take in money in order to relend it. The crucial feature of banks is the some of their liabilities are used as a means of payment, and are therefore part of the money stock.
Commercial bank are financial intermediaries with a goverment licence to make loans and issue deposits, including deposits against which cheques can be written.
We begin by looking at the present-day UK banking system. Although the details vary from country to country, the general principle is much the same everywhere. In the UK, the commercial banking system comprises about 600 registered banks, the National Girobank operating through post offices, and about a dozen trustee savings banks. Much the most important single group is the London clearing banks. The clearing banks are so named because they have a central clearing house for handling payments by cheque.
A clearing system is a set of arrangements is which debts between banks are settled by adding up all the transactions in a given period and paying only the net amount needed to balance inter-bank accounts.
Suppose you bank with Barelays but visit a supermarket that banks with Lloyds. To pay for your shopping you.write a cheque against your deposit at Barclays. The supermarket pays this cheque into its account at Lloyds. In turn, Lloyds presents the cheque to Barclays which will credit Lloyds' account at Barclays.and debit your account at Barclays by an equivalelrt amount. Because you purchased goods from a supermarket using a different bank, a transfer of funds between the two banks is required. Crediting or debiting one bank's account at another bank is the simplest way to achieve this.
However on the same day someone else, call her Joan Groover, is probably writing a cheque on Lloyd's deposit account to pay for some stereo equepment from a shop banking with Barcalays. The stereo shop pays the cheque into its Barclays' account, increasing its deposit. Barclays then pay the cheque into its account at Lloyds where Ms Groover's account is simultaneously debited. Now The transfer flows from Lloyds to Barclays.
Altough in both cases the cheque writer's account is debited and the cheque recipient's account is credited, it does not make sense for the two banks to make two separate inter-bank transactions between themselves. The clearing system calculates the net flows between the member clearing banks and these are the settlements that they make between themselves. Thus the system of clearing cheques represents another way society reduces the costs of making transactions. (Taken from Economics: English for Academic Purposes Series by C. St. J. Yates).
Daftar Pustaka : Suyudi, Ichwan dan Sri Widiati. 1995. Bahasa Inggris 2. Jakarta : Gunadarma.
A financial intermediary is an institution that specializes in bringing lenders and borrowers together.
A commeicial bank borrows money from the public, crediting them with a deposit. The deposit is a liability of the bank. It is money owed to depositors. In turn the bank lends money to firms, households, or governments woshing to borrow. Banks are not the only financial intermediaries. Insurance companies, pension funds, and building secieties also take in money in order to relend it. The crucial feature of banks is the some of their liabilities are used as a means of payment, and are therefore part of the money stock.
Commercial bank are financial intermediaries with a goverment licence to make loans and issue deposits, including deposits against which cheques can be written.
We begin by looking at the present-day UK banking system. Although the details vary from country to country, the general principle is much the same everywhere. In the UK, the commercial banking system comprises about 600 registered banks, the National Girobank operating through post offices, and about a dozen trustee savings banks. Much the most important single group is the London clearing banks. The clearing banks are so named because they have a central clearing house for handling payments by cheque.
A clearing system is a set of arrangements is which debts between banks are settled by adding up all the transactions in a given period and paying only the net amount needed to balance inter-bank accounts.
Suppose you bank with Barelays but visit a supermarket that banks with Lloyds. To pay for your shopping you.write a cheque against your deposit at Barclays. The supermarket pays this cheque into its account at Lloyds. In turn, Lloyds presents the cheque to Barclays which will credit Lloyds' account at Barclays.and debit your account at Barclays by an equivalelrt amount. Because you purchased goods from a supermarket using a different bank, a transfer of funds between the two banks is required. Crediting or debiting one bank's account at another bank is the simplest way to achieve this.
However on the same day someone else, call her Joan Groover, is probably writing a cheque on Lloyd's deposit account to pay for some stereo equepment from a shop banking with Barcalays. The stereo shop pays the cheque into its Barclays' account, increasing its deposit. Barclays then pay the cheque into its account at Lloyds where Ms Groover's account is simultaneously debited. Now The transfer flows from Lloyds to Barclays.
Altough in both cases the cheque writer's account is debited and the cheque recipient's account is credited, it does not make sense for the two banks to make two separate inter-bank transactions between themselves. The clearing system calculates the net flows between the member clearing banks and these are the settlements that they make between themselves. Thus the system of clearing cheques represents another way society reduces the costs of making transactions. (Taken from Economics: English for Academic Purposes Series by C. St. J. Yates).
Daftar Pustaka : Suyudi, Ichwan dan Sri Widiati. 1995. Bahasa Inggris 2. Jakarta : Gunadarma.
Money And Its Functions
Money, the medium of exchange, is used in one half of almost all exchange. Workers exchange labour services for money. We accept money not to consume it directly but because it directly but because it can subsequently be used to buy things we do wish to consume. Money is the medium throungh which. people exchange goods and services. To see that society benefits from a medium of exchange, imagine a barter economy.
A barter has no medium of exchange. Goods are traded directly oor swapped for other goods.
In a barter economy, the seller and the buyer each must want something the other has to offer. Each person is simultaneously a seller and a buyer. In order to see a film, you must hand oveer in exchange a good or service that the cinema maneger wants. There has to be a double coincidence of wants. You have to find a cinema where the manager wants what you have to offer in exchange.
Trading is a very expensive in a barter economy. People must spend a lot of time and effort finding others with whom they can make mutually satisfactory swaps. Since time and effort are scarce resources, a barter economy is wasteful. The use of money - any commodity generally accepted in payment for goods, services, and debts – makes the trading process simlper and more efficient.
The unit of account is the unit in which prices are quoted and accounts are kept.
In Britain, prices are quoted in pound sterling; in France, in French francs. It is usually convenient to use the units in which the medium of exchange is measured as the unit of account as well. However there are exceptions. During the rapid German inflations of 1922-23 when prices in marks were changing very quickly, German shopkeepers found it more convenient to use dollars as the unit of account. Prices were quoted in dollars even though payment was made in marks, the German medium of exchange.
Money is a store of value because it can be used to make purchase in the furure.
To be accepted in exchange, money has to be a store of value. Nobody would accept money as payment for goods supplied today if the money was. going to be worthless when they tried to buy goods with it tomorrow. But money is neither the only necessarily the best store of value. Houses, stamp collections, and interst bearing. Bank ' accounts all serve as stores of value. Since money pays no interest and its real purchasing power is eroded by inflation, there are almost certainly better way to store value.
Finally, money serves as a standard of deferred payment or a unit of account over time. When you borrow, the amount to be repaid next year is measured in pound sterling. Although convenient, this is not essential function of money. UK citizens can get bank loans specifying in dollars the amount that must be repaid next year. Thus the key feature of meney is its use as a medium of exchange. For this, it must act as a store of value as well. And it is usually, though not invariably, convenient to make money the unit of account and standard of deferred payment as well. (Taken from Economics : English for Academic Purposes Series by C. St. J. Yates)
Daftar Pustaka : Suyudi, Ichwan dan Sri Widiati. 1995. Bahasa Inggris 2. Jakarta : Gunadarma.
A barter has no medium of exchange. Goods are traded directly oor swapped for other goods.
In a barter economy, the seller and the buyer each must want something the other has to offer. Each person is simultaneously a seller and a buyer. In order to see a film, you must hand oveer in exchange a good or service that the cinema maneger wants. There has to be a double coincidence of wants. You have to find a cinema where the manager wants what you have to offer in exchange.
Trading is a very expensive in a barter economy. People must spend a lot of time and effort finding others with whom they can make mutually satisfactory swaps. Since time and effort are scarce resources, a barter economy is wasteful. The use of money - any commodity generally accepted in payment for goods, services, and debts – makes the trading process simlper and more efficient.
The unit of account is the unit in which prices are quoted and accounts are kept.
In Britain, prices are quoted in pound sterling; in France, in French francs. It is usually convenient to use the units in which the medium of exchange is measured as the unit of account as well. However there are exceptions. During the rapid German inflations of 1922-23 when prices in marks were changing very quickly, German shopkeepers found it more convenient to use dollars as the unit of account. Prices were quoted in dollars even though payment was made in marks, the German medium of exchange.
Money is a store of value because it can be used to make purchase in the furure.
To be accepted in exchange, money has to be a store of value. Nobody would accept money as payment for goods supplied today if the money was. going to be worthless when they tried to buy goods with it tomorrow. But money is neither the only necessarily the best store of value. Houses, stamp collections, and interst bearing. Bank ' accounts all serve as stores of value. Since money pays no interest and its real purchasing power is eroded by inflation, there are almost certainly better way to store value.
Finally, money serves as a standard of deferred payment or a unit of account over time. When you borrow, the amount to be repaid next year is measured in pound sterling. Although convenient, this is not essential function of money. UK citizens can get bank loans specifying in dollars the amount that must be repaid next year. Thus the key feature of meney is its use as a medium of exchange. For this, it must act as a store of value as well. And it is usually, though not invariably, convenient to make money the unit of account and standard of deferred payment as well. (Taken from Economics : English for Academic Purposes Series by C. St. J. Yates)
Daftar Pustaka : Suyudi, Ichwan dan Sri Widiati. 1995. Bahasa Inggris 2. Jakarta : Gunadarma.
Marketing
The terms market and marketing can have several meanings depending upon they are used. The term stock market refers to the buying and selling of shares in corporations as well as other activities related to stock trading and pricing. The important world stock markets are in London, Geneva, New York, Tokyo, and Singapore. Another type of market is a grocery market, *hich is a place where people purchase food. when economists use the word market they mean a set of forces on conditions that determine the price of product, such as the supply available for sale and the demand for it by consumers. The term marketing in business includes all of these meanings, and more.
In the past, the concept of marketing emphasized sales. The producer or manufacturer made a product he wanted to sell. Marketing was the task of figuring out how to sell the product. Basically, selling would be accomplished by sales promotion, which included advertising and personal selling. In addition to sales promotion, marketing also involved the physical distribution of the product to the places where it was actually sold. Distribution consisted of transportation, storage, and related services such as financing, standardization and grading, and the related risks.
The modern marketing concept encompasses all of the activities mentioned, but it is based on different set of principles. It subscribes to the notion that production can be econornically justified only by consumption. In other words, goods should be produced only if they can be sold. Therefore, the producer should consider who is going to buy the product-or what the market for the product is-before production begins. This is very different from making a product and then thinking about how to sell it.
Marketing now involves first deciding what costumers wants, and designing and producing a product that satisfies these wants at a profit to the company. Instead of concentrating solely on production, the company must consider the desires of the consumer, and this is much more difficult since it involves human behavior. Production. on the other hand, is mostly an engineering problem. Thus, demand and market forces are still an important aspect of modern marketing, but they are considered prior to the production process.
Because products are often marketed internationally, distribution has increased in importance. Goods must be at the place where the customer needs them or brought there. This is known as place utility; it adds value to a product. However , many markets are separated from the place of production, which means that often both raw materials and finished products must be transported to the points where they are needed.
Raw materials requiring linle or no special treatment can be transported by rail, ship, or barge at low cost. Large quantities of raw materials travel as bulk freight, but finished products that often require special treatment, such as refrigeration or careful handling, are usually transported by truck. This merchandise freight is usually smaller in volume and requires quicker delivery. Merchandise freight is a term for the transportation of manufactured goods.
Along all points of the distribution channel various amounts of storage are required. The time and manner of such storage depends upon the type of product. Inventories of this stored merchandise often need to be financed.
Modern marketing is therefore a coordinated system of many business activities, but basically it involves four things: (1) selling the correct product at the proper place, (2) selling it at a price determined by demand, (3) satisfying a customer's need and wants, and (4) producing a profit for the company. (Taken from You're in Business : Building Business English Skills by John French).
Daftar Pustaka : Suyudi, Ichwan dan Sri Widiati. 1995. Bahasa Inggris 2. Jakarta : Gunadarma.
In the past, the concept of marketing emphasized sales. The producer or manufacturer made a product he wanted to sell. Marketing was the task of figuring out how to sell the product. Basically, selling would be accomplished by sales promotion, which included advertising and personal selling. In addition to sales promotion, marketing also involved the physical distribution of the product to the places where it was actually sold. Distribution consisted of transportation, storage, and related services such as financing, standardization and grading, and the related risks.
The modern marketing concept encompasses all of the activities mentioned, but it is based on different set of principles. It subscribes to the notion that production can be econornically justified only by consumption. In other words, goods should be produced only if they can be sold. Therefore, the producer should consider who is going to buy the product-or what the market for the product is-before production begins. This is very different from making a product and then thinking about how to sell it.
Marketing now involves first deciding what costumers wants, and designing and producing a product that satisfies these wants at a profit to the company. Instead of concentrating solely on production, the company must consider the desires of the consumer, and this is much more difficult since it involves human behavior. Production. on the other hand, is mostly an engineering problem. Thus, demand and market forces are still an important aspect of modern marketing, but they are considered prior to the production process.
Because products are often marketed internationally, distribution has increased in importance. Goods must be at the place where the customer needs them or brought there. This is known as place utility; it adds value to a product. However , many markets are separated from the place of production, which means that often both raw materials and finished products must be transported to the points where they are needed.
Raw materials requiring linle or no special treatment can be transported by rail, ship, or barge at low cost. Large quantities of raw materials travel as bulk freight, but finished products that often require special treatment, such as refrigeration or careful handling, are usually transported by truck. This merchandise freight is usually smaller in volume and requires quicker delivery. Merchandise freight is a term for the transportation of manufactured goods.
Along all points of the distribution channel various amounts of storage are required. The time and manner of such storage depends upon the type of product. Inventories of this stored merchandise often need to be financed.
Modern marketing is therefore a coordinated system of many business activities, but basically it involves four things: (1) selling the correct product at the proper place, (2) selling it at a price determined by demand, (3) satisfying a customer's need and wants, and (4) producing a profit for the company. (Taken from You're in Business : Building Business English Skills by John French).
Daftar Pustaka : Suyudi, Ichwan dan Sri Widiati. 1995. Bahasa Inggris 2. Jakarta : Gunadarma.
Steps In The Decisions Process
One of the most important tasks a manager perform is decisionmaking. This may be defined as the process of choosing a course of action (when alternatives are available) to solve a particular problem.
The first step, defining the problem, is perhaps the most difficult step. It involves careful analysis of a situation in order to state the problem and determine its cause. For example, a factory may be experiencing low production (the problem) because the supervisor has failed to schedule the work shifts in the most efficient manner (the cause).
Defining the expectation in Step 2 involves stating the result that is expected once the problem has been solved. The expected result after solving the problem of low production described above would be to increase the output of the factory.
Next, data are gathered about the problem. This information can be obtained from a variety of sources: observations, surveys, or published research. Many businesses rely on computers to process, summarize, and report data. Having sufficient data that are valid and reliable is necessary for Step 4.
Here the decision-maker develops feasible alternatives, or potential solutions to the problem. Using the low production example, some alternatives might include: (l) replacing the current supervisor; (2) providing the current supervisor with the necessary information and training to schedule the work shifts more efficiently; and (3) creating incentives for workers, such as higher pay or time off, in order to increase production.
In the fifth step, the decision-maker evaluates these alternatives in terms of the expected result of the solution (which is to increase production) and limitations, such as time and money. Alternative 1, replacing the current supervisor, does not guarantee increased production, and it would involve training a new supervisor. Alternatives 2, providing additional training for the current supervisor, would be time consuming and somewhat expensive but should bring about increased production. Alternative 3, creating worker incentives, may bring about increased production but would be quite expensive.
Finally, the decision-maker compares the alternatives and chooses the one that has the best potential for providing the desired results. In the low production example, the decision-maker decides to try providing the current supervisor with additional training because this alternative should achieve the objective with the lowest expenditure of time and money.
The decision-making process is followed by: (1) implementation of the chosen alternative (putting it into action) and (2) evaluation of that alternative. If the alternative achieves the desired result. it is then known as the solution. (Taken from Business Concepts for English Practice by Barbara Tolley Dowling and Marianne McDougal).
Daftar Pustaka : Suyudi, Ichwan dan Sri Widiati. 1995. Bahasa Inggris 2. Jakarta : Gunadarma.
The first step, defining the problem, is perhaps the most difficult step. It involves careful analysis of a situation in order to state the problem and determine its cause. For example, a factory may be experiencing low production (the problem) because the supervisor has failed to schedule the work shifts in the most efficient manner (the cause).
Defining the expectation in Step 2 involves stating the result that is expected once the problem has been solved. The expected result after solving the problem of low production described above would be to increase the output of the factory.
Next, data are gathered about the problem. This information can be obtained from a variety of sources: observations, surveys, or published research. Many businesses rely on computers to process, summarize, and report data. Having sufficient data that are valid and reliable is necessary for Step 4.
Here the decision-maker develops feasible alternatives, or potential solutions to the problem. Using the low production example, some alternatives might include: (l) replacing the current supervisor; (2) providing the current supervisor with the necessary information and training to schedule the work shifts more efficiently; and (3) creating incentives for workers, such as higher pay or time off, in order to increase production.
In the fifth step, the decision-maker evaluates these alternatives in terms of the expected result of the solution (which is to increase production) and limitations, such as time and money. Alternative 1, replacing the current supervisor, does not guarantee increased production, and it would involve training a new supervisor. Alternatives 2, providing additional training for the current supervisor, would be time consuming and somewhat expensive but should bring about increased production. Alternative 3, creating worker incentives, may bring about increased production but would be quite expensive.
Finally, the decision-maker compares the alternatives and chooses the one that has the best potential for providing the desired results. In the low production example, the decision-maker decides to try providing the current supervisor with additional training because this alternative should achieve the objective with the lowest expenditure of time and money.
The decision-making process is followed by: (1) implementation of the chosen alternative (putting it into action) and (2) evaluation of that alternative. If the alternative achieves the desired result. it is then known as the solution. (Taken from Business Concepts for English Practice by Barbara Tolley Dowling and Marianne McDougal).
Daftar Pustaka : Suyudi, Ichwan dan Sri Widiati. 1995. Bahasa Inggris 2. Jakarta : Gunadarma.
Management And Human Resources Development
Managers perform various functions, but one of the most important and least understood aspects of their job is proper utilization of people. Research reveals that workers performance is closely related to motivation; thus keeping employees motivated is an essential component of good management. In a business context, motivation refers to the stimulus that directs the behavior of workers toward the company goals. In ord'er to motivate workers to achieve company goals, managers must be aware of their needs.
Many managers believe workers will be motivated to achieve organizational goals by satisfying their fundamental needs for rnaterial survival. These needs include a good salary, safe working conditions, and job security. While absence of these factors results in poor morale and dissatisfaction, studies have shown that their presence results only in maintenance of existing attitudes and work performance. Although important, salary, working conditions, and job security do not provide the primary motivation for many workers in highly industrialized societies, especially at the professional or technical levels.
Increased motivation is more likely to occur when work meets the needs of individuals for learning, self-realization, and personal growth. By responding to personal needs - the desire for responsibility, recognition, growth, promotion, and more interesting work - managers have altered conditions in the workplace and, consequently, many employees are motivated to perform more effectively.
In an attempt to appeal to both the fundamental and personal needs of workers, innovative management approaches, such as job enrichment and job enlargement, have been adopted in many organizations. Job enrichment gives workers more authority in making decisions related to planning and doing their work. A worker might assume responsibility for scheduling work-flow, checking quality of work produced, or making sure deadlines are met. Job enlargement increases the number of tasks workers perform by allowing them to rotate positions or by giving them responsibility for doing several jobs. Rather than assembling just one component of an automobile, factory workers might be grouped together and given responsibility for assembling the entire fuel system.
By improving the quality of work life through satisfaction of fundamental and personal employee needs, managers attempt to direct the behavior of workers toward the company goals. (Taken from Business Concepts foi English Practice by Barbara Tolley Dowling and Marianne McDougal).
Daftar Pustaka : Suyudi, Ichwan dan Sri Widiati. 1995. Bahasa Inggris 2. Jakarta : Gunadarma
Many managers believe workers will be motivated to achieve organizational goals by satisfying their fundamental needs for rnaterial survival. These needs include a good salary, safe working conditions, and job security. While absence of these factors results in poor morale and dissatisfaction, studies have shown that their presence results only in maintenance of existing attitudes and work performance. Although important, salary, working conditions, and job security do not provide the primary motivation for many workers in highly industrialized societies, especially at the professional or technical levels.
Increased motivation is more likely to occur when work meets the needs of individuals for learning, self-realization, and personal growth. By responding to personal needs - the desire for responsibility, recognition, growth, promotion, and more interesting work - managers have altered conditions in the workplace and, consequently, many employees are motivated to perform more effectively.
In an attempt to appeal to both the fundamental and personal needs of workers, innovative management approaches, such as job enrichment and job enlargement, have been adopted in many organizations. Job enrichment gives workers more authority in making decisions related to planning and doing their work. A worker might assume responsibility for scheduling work-flow, checking quality of work produced, or making sure deadlines are met. Job enlargement increases the number of tasks workers perform by allowing them to rotate positions or by giving them responsibility for doing several jobs. Rather than assembling just one component of an automobile, factory workers might be grouped together and given responsibility for assembling the entire fuel system.
By improving the quality of work life through satisfaction of fundamental and personal employee needs, managers attempt to direct the behavior of workers toward the company goals. (Taken from Business Concepts foi English Practice by Barbara Tolley Dowling and Marianne McDougal).
Daftar Pustaka : Suyudi, Ichwan dan Sri Widiati. 1995. Bahasa Inggris 2. Jakarta : Gunadarma
Management Functions
Management plays a vital role in any business or organized activity. Management is composed of a team of managers who have charge of the organization at all levels. Their duties include making sure company objectives are met and seeing that the business operates efficiently. Regardless of the specific job, most managers perform four basic functions, These management functions are planning, organizing, direc.ting, and controlling.
Planning involves determining overall company objectives and deciding how these goals can best be achieved. Managers evaluate alternative plans before choosing a specific course of action and then check to see that the chosen plan fits into the objectives established at higher organizational levels. Planning is listed as the first management function because the others depend on it. However, even as managers move on to perform other managerial functions, planning continues as goals and alternatives are further evaluated and revised.
Organizing, the second management function, is the process of puffing the plan into action. This involves allocating resources, especially human resources, so that the overall objectives can be attained. In this phase managers decide on the positions to be created and determine the associated duties and responsibilities. Staffing, choosing the right person for the right job, may also be included as part of the organizing function.
Third is the day-to-day direction and supervision of employees. In directing, managers guide, teach, and motivate workers so that they reach their potential abilities and at the same time achieve the company goals that were established in the planning process. Effective direction, or supervision, by managers requires ongoing communication with employees.
In the last management function, controlling, managers evaluate how well company objectives are being met. In order to ciholete this evaluation, managers must look at the objectives established in the planning phase and at how well the tasks assigned in the directing phase are being completed. If major problems exist and goals are not being achieved, then changes need to be made in the company's organizational or managerial structure. In making changes, managers might have to go back and replan, reorganize, and redirect.
In order to adequately and efficiently perform these management functions, managers need interpersonal, organizational, and technical, skills. Although all four functions are managerial duties, the importance of each may vary depending on the situation. Effective managers meet the objectives of the company through a successful combination of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling. (Taken from Business Concepts for English Practice by Barbara Tolley Dowling and Marianne McDougal).
Daftar Pustaka : Suyudi, Ichwan dan Sri Widiati. 1995. Bahasa Inggris 2. Jakarta : Gunadarma
Planning involves determining overall company objectives and deciding how these goals can best be achieved. Managers evaluate alternative plans before choosing a specific course of action and then check to see that the chosen plan fits into the objectives established at higher organizational levels. Planning is listed as the first management function because the others depend on it. However, even as managers move on to perform other managerial functions, planning continues as goals and alternatives are further evaluated and revised.
Organizing, the second management function, is the process of puffing the plan into action. This involves allocating resources, especially human resources, so that the overall objectives can be attained. In this phase managers decide on the positions to be created and determine the associated duties and responsibilities. Staffing, choosing the right person for the right job, may also be included as part of the organizing function.
Third is the day-to-day direction and supervision of employees. In directing, managers guide, teach, and motivate workers so that they reach their potential abilities and at the same time achieve the company goals that were established in the planning process. Effective direction, or supervision, by managers requires ongoing communication with employees.
In the last management function, controlling, managers evaluate how well company objectives are being met. In order to ciholete this evaluation, managers must look at the objectives established in the planning phase and at how well the tasks assigned in the directing phase are being completed. If major problems exist and goals are not being achieved, then changes need to be made in the company's organizational or managerial structure. In making changes, managers might have to go back and replan, reorganize, and redirect.
In order to adequately and efficiently perform these management functions, managers need interpersonal, organizational, and technical, skills. Although all four functions are managerial duties, the importance of each may vary depending on the situation. Effective managers meet the objectives of the company through a successful combination of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling. (Taken from Business Concepts for English Practice by Barbara Tolley Dowling and Marianne McDougal).
Daftar Pustaka : Suyudi, Ichwan dan Sri Widiati. 1995. Bahasa Inggris 2. Jakarta : Gunadarma
Selasa, 06 April 2010
China State Media Accuses Google of Political Agenda
China State Media Accuses Google of Political Agenda
BEIJING (Reuters) - China’s state media on Sunday accused Google of pushing a political agenda by “groundlessly accusing the Chinese government” of supporting hacker attacks and by trying to export its own culture, values and ideas.
In a commentary signed by three Xinhua writers, the state news agency also sought to defend the government’s Internet censorship, which Google has cited as one reason the world’s largest search engine may quit China.
“Regrettably, Google’s recent behaviors show that the company not just aims at expanding business in China, but is playing an active role in exporting culture, value and ideas.
“It is unfair for Google to impose its own value and yardsticks on Internet regulation to China, which has its own time-honored tradition, culture and value.”
On Friday, the China Business News reported that Google may make an announcement as early as Monday on whether it will pull out of China.
Two months ago, Google said it had been the target of sophisticated hacking attacks originating from inside China, and the company said it would no longer agree to abide by Beijing’s censorship rules even if that meant shutting down its Google.cn site.
Since then, the two sides have reportedly been at a standoff, although Google’s chief executive, Eric Schmidt, said he hoped to have an outcome soon from talks with Chinese officials.
China requires Internet operators to block words and images the ruling Communist Party deems unacceptable, including those involving politically sensitive topics.
Beijing has also entirely blocked internationally popular websites Facebook, Twitter and YouTube.
In the Xinhua commentary, the writers accused Google of violating international norms.
“In fact, no country allows unrestricted flow on the Internet of pornographic, violent, gambling or superstitious content, or content on government subversion, ethnic separatism, religious extremism, racialism, terrorism and anti-foreign feelings,” the commentary stated.
As in other disputes with foreign businesses and governments, the commentary said China’s stance in this case was a “pure internal affair.”
The writers said China’s Internet development would prosper without Google, while the company would be the “biggest loser.”
“Whether it leaves or not, the Chinese government will keep its Internet regulation principles unchanged. One company’s ambition to change China’s Internet rules and legal system will only prove to be ridiculous.
“And whether leaving or not, Google should not continue to politicalize itself, as linking its withdrawal to political issues will lose Google’s credibility among Chinese netizens.”
Although it is the global leader, Google operates at a distant second place to Baidu Inc, China’s domestic search engine leader, which has benefitted from the dispute.
Baidu’s shares have surged more than 44 percent since Google’s announcement that it could pull out of China, while Google’s stock has fallen roughly 6.3 percent.
(Reporting by Ken Wills; Editing by Jeremy Laurence)
BEIJING (Reuters) - China’s state media on Sunday accused Google of pushing a political agenda by “groundlessly accusing the Chinese government” of supporting hacker attacks and by trying to export its own culture, values and ideas.
In a commentary signed by three Xinhua writers, the state news agency also sought to defend the government’s Internet censorship, which Google has cited as one reason the world’s largest search engine may quit China.
“Regrettably, Google’s recent behaviors show that the company not just aims at expanding business in China, but is playing an active role in exporting culture, value and ideas.
“It is unfair for Google to impose its own value and yardsticks on Internet regulation to China, which has its own time-honored tradition, culture and value.”
On Friday, the China Business News reported that Google may make an announcement as early as Monday on whether it will pull out of China.
Two months ago, Google said it had been the target of sophisticated hacking attacks originating from inside China, and the company said it would no longer agree to abide by Beijing’s censorship rules even if that meant shutting down its Google.cn site.
Since then, the two sides have reportedly been at a standoff, although Google’s chief executive, Eric Schmidt, said he hoped to have an outcome soon from talks with Chinese officials.
China requires Internet operators to block words and images the ruling Communist Party deems unacceptable, including those involving politically sensitive topics.
Beijing has also entirely blocked internationally popular websites Facebook, Twitter and YouTube.
In the Xinhua commentary, the writers accused Google of violating international norms.
“In fact, no country allows unrestricted flow on the Internet of pornographic, violent, gambling or superstitious content, or content on government subversion, ethnic separatism, religious extremism, racialism, terrorism and anti-foreign feelings,” the commentary stated.
As in other disputes with foreign businesses and governments, the commentary said China’s stance in this case was a “pure internal affair.”
The writers said China’s Internet development would prosper without Google, while the company would be the “biggest loser.”
“Whether it leaves or not, the Chinese government will keep its Internet regulation principles unchanged. One company’s ambition to change China’s Internet rules and legal system will only prove to be ridiculous.
“And whether leaving or not, Google should not continue to politicalize itself, as linking its withdrawal to political issues will lose Google’s credibility among Chinese netizens.”
Although it is the global leader, Google operates at a distant second place to Baidu Inc, China’s domestic search engine leader, which has benefitted from the dispute.
Baidu’s shares have surged more than 44 percent since Google’s announcement that it could pull out of China, while Google’s stock has fallen roughly 6.3 percent.
(Reporting by Ken Wills; Editing by Jeremy Laurence)
congratulations letter for job promotion
congratulations letter for job promotion
dear sandra,
Congratulations on your recent promotion to a position of marketing manager
I know how you have worked hard to earn recognition and awards from the company where you work. currently proven you get the results you want for this.
I feel that they have been very wise in the choice to you to occupy that position.
I congratulate you run a new position, hopefully you're more successful future. May God always gives His blessing in your life
I hope the increase in this position does not make you a proud and forget our friendship.
Signed your best friend
Kiki
dear sandra,
Congratulations on your recent promotion to a position of marketing manager
I know how you have worked hard to earn recognition and awards from the company where you work. currently proven you get the results you want for this.
I feel that they have been very wise in the choice to you to occupy that position.
I congratulate you run a new position, hopefully you're more successful future. May God always gives His blessing in your life
I hope the increase in this position does not make you a proud and forget our friendship.
Signed your best friend
Kiki
Kamis, 25 Maret 2010
Metode Mendidik Anak Mahir Berbahasa Asing
Metode Mendidik Anak Mahir Berbahasa Asing
1. Jangan Mengandalkan Kurikulum Sekolah. Setiap sekolah mengajarkan mata pelajaran bahasa inggris bagi murid-muridnya.Bahkan kini, sejak sekolah dasar, para murid sudah mendapatkan pelajaran ini. Namun, jangan menyerahkan semuanya pada guru sekolah. Mata pelajaran bahasa inggris di sekolah biasanya mengajarkan hal-hal dasar, dan kurang pelajaran praktik. Mengikutkan anak Anda pada kursus bahasa inggris akan mendidik mereka untuk lebih detil lagi tentang bahasa ini, tak hanya percakapan, namunjuga menambah vocabulary mereka.
2. Pilihlah Guru Yang Terbaik. Banyak guru bahasa inggris menawarkan jasa melatih bahasa inggris, baik untuk anak maupun dewasa. Namun bila ingin mendapatkan hasil yang terbaik untuk Anda, pilih guru bahasa inggris yang terbaik pula. Akan lebih baik lagi apabila, pengajarnya adalah pengajar asing (native speaker), hal ini akan membiasakan mereka berkomunikasi dengan orang luar negeri dengan logat asli mereka.
3. Buat Belajar Lebih Menyenangkan. Anak yang sudah beranjak dewasa biasanya mudah bosan dalam mempelajari hal baru, termasuk bwlajar bahasa keduanya. Jadi, Anda harus bisa membuat suasana belajar tersebut menjadi lebih menyenangkan. Kini, banyak lembaga bahasa inggris yang menawarkan berbagai program menarik bagi calon siswa siswinya. Salah satu sekolah Bahasa Inggris terbaik di duani yang hadir di Indonesia adalah Wall Street Institute.
4. Bantu Di Rumah. Bila Anda ingin keluarga Anda lancar berbahasa inggris, maka biasakanlah bercakap-cakap dengan keluarga Anda di rumah menggunakan bahasa ini sebagai selingan. Tak perlu mengubah bahasa sehari-hari Anda, namun cukup beberapa ungkapan-ungkapan atau kalimat-kalimat dalam bahasa inggris yang menurut Anda menarik perhatian mereka. Dengan begitu mereka akan mendengarkan lebih cermat dan memahami artinya, sehingga terbiasa menggunakannya di kemudian hari.
5. Jangan Lupa Akar. Kebanyakan remaja yang telah mahir berbahasa inggris sering melupakan bahasa asal mereka -dalam hal ini bahasa Indonesia. Ini adalah kesalahan kebanyakan orang tua. Anda sebagai orang tua wajib mengingatkan anak Anda bahwa Anda tidak boleh meninggalkan bahasa negara mereka. Jika anak Anda telah mahis berbahasa inggris, kebiasaan mendidik mereka berbahas inggris di rumah harus dihilangkan, dan gantilah dengan komunikasi dengan bahasa Indonesia. Lalu, perhatikan bacaan yang mereka baca, seperti majalah atau koran
sumber : http://tipsanda.com/2009/06/21/tips-terbaik-mendidik-anak-mahir-berbahasa-asing/
1. Jangan Mengandalkan Kurikulum Sekolah. Setiap sekolah mengajarkan mata pelajaran bahasa inggris bagi murid-muridnya.Bahkan kini, sejak sekolah dasar, para murid sudah mendapatkan pelajaran ini. Namun, jangan menyerahkan semuanya pada guru sekolah. Mata pelajaran bahasa inggris di sekolah biasanya mengajarkan hal-hal dasar, dan kurang pelajaran praktik. Mengikutkan anak Anda pada kursus bahasa inggris akan mendidik mereka untuk lebih detil lagi tentang bahasa ini, tak hanya percakapan, namunjuga menambah vocabulary mereka.
2. Pilihlah Guru Yang Terbaik. Banyak guru bahasa inggris menawarkan jasa melatih bahasa inggris, baik untuk anak maupun dewasa. Namun bila ingin mendapatkan hasil yang terbaik untuk Anda, pilih guru bahasa inggris yang terbaik pula. Akan lebih baik lagi apabila, pengajarnya adalah pengajar asing (native speaker), hal ini akan membiasakan mereka berkomunikasi dengan orang luar negeri dengan logat asli mereka.
3. Buat Belajar Lebih Menyenangkan. Anak yang sudah beranjak dewasa biasanya mudah bosan dalam mempelajari hal baru, termasuk bwlajar bahasa keduanya. Jadi, Anda harus bisa membuat suasana belajar tersebut menjadi lebih menyenangkan. Kini, banyak lembaga bahasa inggris yang menawarkan berbagai program menarik bagi calon siswa siswinya. Salah satu sekolah Bahasa Inggris terbaik di duani yang hadir di Indonesia adalah Wall Street Institute.
4. Bantu Di Rumah. Bila Anda ingin keluarga Anda lancar berbahasa inggris, maka biasakanlah bercakap-cakap dengan keluarga Anda di rumah menggunakan bahasa ini sebagai selingan. Tak perlu mengubah bahasa sehari-hari Anda, namun cukup beberapa ungkapan-ungkapan atau kalimat-kalimat dalam bahasa inggris yang menurut Anda menarik perhatian mereka. Dengan begitu mereka akan mendengarkan lebih cermat dan memahami artinya, sehingga terbiasa menggunakannya di kemudian hari.
5. Jangan Lupa Akar. Kebanyakan remaja yang telah mahir berbahasa inggris sering melupakan bahasa asal mereka -dalam hal ini bahasa Indonesia. Ini adalah kesalahan kebanyakan orang tua. Anda sebagai orang tua wajib mengingatkan anak Anda bahwa Anda tidak boleh meninggalkan bahasa negara mereka. Jika anak Anda telah mahis berbahasa inggris, kebiasaan mendidik mereka berbahas inggris di rumah harus dihilangkan, dan gantilah dengan komunikasi dengan bahasa Indonesia. Lalu, perhatikan bacaan yang mereka baca, seperti majalah atau koran
sumber : http://tipsanda.com/2009/06/21/tips-terbaik-mendidik-anak-mahir-berbahasa-asing/
Perbedaan bahasa inggris Britis dan bahasa inggris Amerika
Perbedaan bahasa inggris Britis dan bahasa inggris Amerika
Perbedaan kedua bahasa Inggris ini bisa ditinjau dari beberapa aspek dan sudah dibahas sangat lengkap dan mendetail dalam bahasa Inggris di tautan ini. Namun bagi rekan-rekan yang belum mampu menerjemahkannya berikut merupakan rangkuman tentang perbedaan British English dan American English.
Bahasa Inggris digunakan di banyak negara baik sebagai bahasa Ibu maupun sebagai bahasa ke-dua. Itulah sebabnya selain “bahasa Inggris” ada banyak “bahasa Inggris-bahasa Inggris” lain yang merupakan variasi dari bahasa tersebut. Dua versi bahasa Inggris yang paling umum digunakan adalah bahasa Inggris British dan bahasa Inggris Amerika.
Sebelum kita menilik beberapa perbedaan diantara kedua versi bahasa Inggris ini perlu ditekankan bahwa perbedaan-perbedaan ini cukup tipis dan seiring dengan internasionalisasi di era moderen sekarang ini perbedaan-perbedaan tersebut bahkan bisa dikatakan semakin berkurang.
Sedikit perbedaan yang terdapat antara bahasa Inggris British dan Inggris Amerika cenderung hanya memperkaya komunikasi dan tidak menimbulkan masalah ataupun kesulitan dalam berkomunikasi. Berikut perbedaan bahasa Inggris British dan Amerika ditinjau dari beberapa sudut pandang.
Ejaan (spelling)
Bahasa Inggris British cenderung mempertahankan ejaan banyak kata yang asalnya dari Perancis sedangkan Inggris Amerika mencoba untuk mengeja kata lebih mendekati cara mereka melafalkannya dan mereka menghilangkan huruf-huruf yang tidak diperlukan.
Berikut beberapa contohnya:
- Bahasa Inggris British : centre, theatre, realize, catalogue, programme, traveled, neighbour, grey, plough, to practise (verb), practice (noun), cheque.
- Bahasa Inggris Amerika : Center, Theater, realize, catalog, program, traveled, neighbor, gray, plow, to practice (verb), practice (verb), check (noun)
Pelafalan (pronunciation)
• Orang Amerika biasanya melafalkan huruf “r” dengan menggulung lidah mereka ke belakang dan merapatkannya ke langit-langit mulut sedangkan kebanyakan orang Inggris tidak melafalkan huruf “r” dalam kata, khususnya jika terdapat pada akhir kata.
• Dalam bahasa Inggris Amerika kata “can” dan “can’t” kedengaran sangat mirip sedangkan dalam bahasa inggris British Anda bisa membedakannya secara jelas.
• Orang Amerika cenderung melafalkan kata seperti “reduce”, “produce”, “induce”, “seduce” (kata-kata kerja yang berakhiran “duce”) dengan lebih rileks, yang berarti bahwa setelah huruf “d” mengikut bunyi/huruf “u”. Dalam bahasa Inggris British setelah huruf “d” ditambahkan “j”.
• Orang Amerika memiliki kecenderungan untuk mereduksi kata dengan menghilangkan beberapa huruf. Kata “facts” misalnya dalam bahasa inggris Amerika dilafalkan sama dengan kata “fax” – “t” tidak diucapkan.
• Kadang-kadang huruf dihilangkan dalam bahasa Inggris British seperti dalam kata “secretary”, dimana huruf “a” tidak diucapkan.
• Dalam bahasa Inggris Amerika, kombinasi huruf “cl” dalam kata seperti “cling”, “climat”, “club” dll, kedengaran lebih frikatif. Anda dapat menghasilkan bunyi ini dengan menegangkan pita suara.
Penekanan kata terkadang juga berbeda. Contoh, kata “details” mendapatkan penekanan pada huruf “e” dalam Inggris British dan pada “ai” dalam Inggris Amerika.
Kosa kata (vocabulary)
Ada beberapa kata dan istilah yang digunakan hanya dalam Inggris British atau hanya dalam Inggris Amerika. Akan tetapi, dengan adanya media baru seperti internet dan dunia yang semakin mengglobal kata-kata seperti ini menjadi semakin sedikit. Berikut beberapa contohnya.
- Bahasa Inggris British : lift, Boot, autumn, litter, crossroad, trousers.
- Bahasa Inggris Amerika : Elevator, Trunk, fall, garbage, crossing, pants.
Sumber : http://letspeakenglish.info/2009/12/18/perbedaan-bahasa-inggris-british-british-english-dan-bahasa-inggris-america-american-english/
Perbedaan kedua bahasa Inggris ini bisa ditinjau dari beberapa aspek dan sudah dibahas sangat lengkap dan mendetail dalam bahasa Inggris di tautan ini. Namun bagi rekan-rekan yang belum mampu menerjemahkannya berikut merupakan rangkuman tentang perbedaan British English dan American English.
Bahasa Inggris digunakan di banyak negara baik sebagai bahasa Ibu maupun sebagai bahasa ke-dua. Itulah sebabnya selain “bahasa Inggris” ada banyak “bahasa Inggris-bahasa Inggris” lain yang merupakan variasi dari bahasa tersebut. Dua versi bahasa Inggris yang paling umum digunakan adalah bahasa Inggris British dan bahasa Inggris Amerika.
Sebelum kita menilik beberapa perbedaan diantara kedua versi bahasa Inggris ini perlu ditekankan bahwa perbedaan-perbedaan ini cukup tipis dan seiring dengan internasionalisasi di era moderen sekarang ini perbedaan-perbedaan tersebut bahkan bisa dikatakan semakin berkurang.
Sedikit perbedaan yang terdapat antara bahasa Inggris British dan Inggris Amerika cenderung hanya memperkaya komunikasi dan tidak menimbulkan masalah ataupun kesulitan dalam berkomunikasi. Berikut perbedaan bahasa Inggris British dan Amerika ditinjau dari beberapa sudut pandang.
Ejaan (spelling)
Bahasa Inggris British cenderung mempertahankan ejaan banyak kata yang asalnya dari Perancis sedangkan Inggris Amerika mencoba untuk mengeja kata lebih mendekati cara mereka melafalkannya dan mereka menghilangkan huruf-huruf yang tidak diperlukan.
Berikut beberapa contohnya:
- Bahasa Inggris British : centre, theatre, realize, catalogue, programme, traveled, neighbour, grey, plough, to practise (verb), practice (noun), cheque.
- Bahasa Inggris Amerika : Center, Theater, realize, catalog, program, traveled, neighbor, gray, plow, to practice (verb), practice (verb), check (noun)
Pelafalan (pronunciation)
• Orang Amerika biasanya melafalkan huruf “r” dengan menggulung lidah mereka ke belakang dan merapatkannya ke langit-langit mulut sedangkan kebanyakan orang Inggris tidak melafalkan huruf “r” dalam kata, khususnya jika terdapat pada akhir kata.
• Dalam bahasa Inggris Amerika kata “can” dan “can’t” kedengaran sangat mirip sedangkan dalam bahasa inggris British Anda bisa membedakannya secara jelas.
• Orang Amerika cenderung melafalkan kata seperti “reduce”, “produce”, “induce”, “seduce” (kata-kata kerja yang berakhiran “duce”) dengan lebih rileks, yang berarti bahwa setelah huruf “d” mengikut bunyi/huruf “u”. Dalam bahasa Inggris British setelah huruf “d” ditambahkan “j”.
• Orang Amerika memiliki kecenderungan untuk mereduksi kata dengan menghilangkan beberapa huruf. Kata “facts” misalnya dalam bahasa inggris Amerika dilafalkan sama dengan kata “fax” – “t” tidak diucapkan.
• Kadang-kadang huruf dihilangkan dalam bahasa Inggris British seperti dalam kata “secretary”, dimana huruf “a” tidak diucapkan.
• Dalam bahasa Inggris Amerika, kombinasi huruf “cl” dalam kata seperti “cling”, “climat”, “club” dll, kedengaran lebih frikatif. Anda dapat menghasilkan bunyi ini dengan menegangkan pita suara.
Penekanan kata terkadang juga berbeda. Contoh, kata “details” mendapatkan penekanan pada huruf “e” dalam Inggris British dan pada “ai” dalam Inggris Amerika.
Kosa kata (vocabulary)
Ada beberapa kata dan istilah yang digunakan hanya dalam Inggris British atau hanya dalam Inggris Amerika. Akan tetapi, dengan adanya media baru seperti internet dan dunia yang semakin mengglobal kata-kata seperti ini menjadi semakin sedikit. Berikut beberapa contohnya.
- Bahasa Inggris British : lift, Boot, autumn, litter, crossroad, trousers.
- Bahasa Inggris Amerika : Elevator, Trunk, fall, garbage, crossing, pants.
Sumber : http://letspeakenglish.info/2009/12/18/perbedaan-bahasa-inggris-british-british-english-dan-bahasa-inggris-america-american-english/
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